LEGENDE PHOTO : Participation in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Signed and ratified Acceded or succeeded State abiding by treaty Withdrawn Non-signatory

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Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Signed
- location 1 July 1968
New York, United States
Effective
- condition 5 March 1970
Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states.
Parties 189 (Complete List)


The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT or NNPT) is a treaty to limit the spread of nuclear weapons, opened for signature on July 1, 1968. There are currently 189 countries party to the treaty, five of which have nuclear weapons: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and the People's Republic of China (the permanent members of the UN Security Council).

Only four recognized sovereign states are not parties to the treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. India, Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and possess nuclear weapons. Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding its own nuclear weapons program. North Korea acceded to the treaty, violated it, and later withdrew.

The treaty was proposed by Ireland, and Finland was the first to sign. The signing parties decided by consensus to extend the treaty indefinitely and without conditions upon meeting in New York City on May 11, 1995. The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven articles. Although the concept of "pillars" appears nowhere in the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as having three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.[1]

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Contents
[hide]

* 1 Treaty "pillars"
o 1.1 First pillar: non-proliferation
o 1.2 Second pillar: disarmament
o 1.3 Third pillar: peaceful use of nuclear energy
* 2 Key articles
* 3 History
o 3.1 United States-NATO nuclear weapons sharing
o 3.2 India, Israel and Pakistan
o 3.3 North Korea
o 3.4 Iran
o 3.5 South Africa
o 3.6 Libya
* 4 Leaving the treaty
* 5 Future
* 6 Criticism and Responses
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links


= * Nuclear Free World Policy
* 13 steps (an important section in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Treaty)
* Nuclear warfare
* List of countries with nuclear weapons
* Nuclear fission
* Nuclear fusion
* Nuclear peace
* Nuclear energy phase-out
* Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT)
* Missile Technology Control Regime




= * Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (PDF) - IAEA
* Text of the treaty
* Text of the treaty at the Center for a World in Balance
* Video Interviews from Non-Proliferation Treaty Conferences at npt-webcast.info
* Abolition 2000 Europe
* People vs. The Bomb: Showdown at the UN (Video)
* NuclearFiles.org Summary and text from the nuclear NPT
* Membership/Signatories
* Overview of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime at the Center for a World in Balance
* The Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (NPEC)- A not-for-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., and founded in 1994 to promote a better understanding of strategic weapons proliferation issues among policymakers, scholars and the media.
* Annotated Bibliography on the NPT from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
* Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Turns 40 Today in 2008.
* George Perkovich, "Principles for Reforming the Nuclear Order", Proliferation Papers, Paris, Ifri, Fall 2008.
* U.S. Department of State, website compiling speeches and papers relevant to NPT Review Cycle, http://www.state.gov/t/isn/wmd/nnp/.



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